In this episode of the Lex Fridman Podcast, historian Vejas Liulevicius delves into the ideologies of Communism, Marxism, and Nazism, discussing their historical contexts and influential figures like Lenin, Stalin, Mao, and Hitler. He explores Marx's vision of purposeful historical progress leading to liberation, the dynamics of class struggle, and the revolutionary significance of key individuals. The conversation also highlights the failures of collectivization in the Soviet Union, contrasting revolutionary intentions with real-world outcomes, and addresses the complexities surrounding the rise of totalitarianism. Finally, the discussion concludes with reflections on contemporary repercussions and the importance of historical understanding.